2020
|
Anderson, Scott; Barford, Carol; Barford, Paul: Five Alarms: Assessing the Vulnerability of US Cellular Communication Infrastructure to Wildfires. In: Proceedings of the ACM Internet Measurement Conference, pp. 162–175, Association for Computing Machinery, Virtual Event, USA, 2020, ISBN: 9781450381383. @inproceedings{10.1145/3419394.3423663,
title = {Five Alarms: Assessing the Vulnerability of US Cellular Communication Infrastructure to Wildfires},
author = {Scott Anderson and Carol Barford and Paul Barford},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3419394.3423663},
doi = {10.1145/3419394.3423663},
isbn = {9781450381383},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACM Internet Measurement Conference},
pages = {162–175},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {Virtual Event, USA},
series = {IMC '20},
abstract = {Natural disasters can wreak havoc on Internet infrastructure. Short term impacts include impediments to first responders and long term impacts include requirements to repair or replace damaged physical components. In this paper, we present an analysis of the vulnerability of cellular communication infrastructure in the US to one type of natural disaster - wildfires. Three data sets are the basis for our study: historical wildfire records, wildfire risk projections, and cellular infrastructure deployment. We utilize the geographic features in each data set to assess the spatial overlap between historical wildfires and cellular infrastructure and to analyze current vulnerability. We find wide variability in the number of cell transceivers that were within wildfire perimeters over the past 18 years. In a focused analysis of the California wildfires of 2019, we find that the primary risk to cellular communication is power outage rather than cellular equipment damage. Our analysis of future risk based on wildfire hazard potential identifies California, Florida and Texas as the three states with the largest number of cell transceivers at risk. Importantly, we find that many of the areas at high risk are quite close to urban population centers, thus outages could have serious impacts on a large number of cell users. We believe that our study has important implications for governmental communication assurance efforts and for risk planning by cell infrastructure owners and service providers.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Natural disasters can wreak havoc on Internet infrastructure. Short term impacts include impediments to first responders and long term impacts include requirements to repair or replace damaged physical components. In this paper, we present an analysis of the vulnerability of cellular communication infrastructure in the US to one type of natural disaster - wildfires. Three data sets are the basis for our study: historical wildfire records, wildfire risk projections, and cellular infrastructure deployment. We utilize the geographic features in each data set to assess the spatial overlap between historical wildfires and cellular infrastructure and to analyze current vulnerability. We find wide variability in the number of cell transceivers that were within wildfire perimeters over the past 18 years. In a focused analysis of the California wildfires of 2019, we find that the primary risk to cellular communication is power outage rather than cellular equipment damage. Our analysis of future risk based on wildfire hazard potential identifies California, Florida and Texas as the three states with the largest number of cell transceivers at risk. Importantly, we find that many of the areas at high risk are quite close to urban population centers, thus outages could have serious impacts on a large number of cell users. We believe that our study has important implications for governmental communication assurance efforts and for risk planning by cell infrastructure owners and service providers. |
Burivalova, Zuzana; Game, Edward T; Wahyudi, Bambang; Ruslandi,; Rifqi, Mohamad; MacDonald, Ewan; Cushman, Samuel; Voigt, Maria; Wich, Serge; Wilcove, David S: Does biodiversity benefit when the logging stops? An analysis of conservation risks and opportunities in active versus inactive logging concessions in Borneo. In: Biological Conservation, vol. 241, pp. 108369, 2020, ISSN: 0006-3207. @article{BURIVALOVA2020108369,
title = {Does biodiversity benefit when the logging stops? An analysis of conservation risks and opportunities in active versus inactive logging concessions in Borneo},
author = {Zuzana Burivalova and Edward T Game and Bambang Wahyudi and Ruslandi and Mohamad Rifqi and Ewan MacDonald and Samuel Cushman and Maria Voigt and Serge Wich and David S Wilcove},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320719309085},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108369},
issn = {0006-3207},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Biological Conservation},
volume = {241},
pages = {108369},
abstract = {The island of Borneo is a biodiversity hotspot of global importance that continues to suffer from one of the highest deforestation rates in the tropics. Selective logging concessions overlay a third of the remaining natural forests in the Indonesian part of Borneo, but many of these concessions have become inactive in recent years. Whereas the cessation of logging could be beneficial to biodiversity, the absence of a logging company's presence in the forest could also leave the concession open to deforestation by other actors. Using remote sensing analyses, we evaluate 1) whether inactive concessions are more likely to suffer from deforestation than active ones, 2) the possible reasons why concessions become inactive, and 3) which inactive concessions hold the most potential for biodiversity conservation, if protected from deforestation. Our analysis shows that, counterintuitively, inactive concessions overall suffer a higher rate of forest loss than active ones. We find that small concession size and high elevation are correlated with inactive status. We identified several inactive concessions that, if maintained as natural forest, could significantly contribute to biodiversity conservation, as exemplified by their importance to two umbrella species: Bornean orangutan (Critically Endangered) and Sunda clouded leopard (Vulnerable). Because timber operations in other tropical regions are likely to experience similar cycles of activity and inactivity, the fate of inactive timber concessions and the opportunities they create for conservation deserve much greater attention from conservation scientists and practitioners.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The island of Borneo is a biodiversity hotspot of global importance that continues to suffer from one of the highest deforestation rates in the tropics. Selective logging concessions overlay a third of the remaining natural forests in the Indonesian part of Borneo, but many of these concessions have become inactive in recent years. Whereas the cessation of logging could be beneficial to biodiversity, the absence of a logging company's presence in the forest could also leave the concession open to deforestation by other actors. Using remote sensing analyses, we evaluate 1) whether inactive concessions are more likely to suffer from deforestation than active ones, 2) the possible reasons why concessions become inactive, and 3) which inactive concessions hold the most potential for biodiversity conservation, if protected from deforestation. Our analysis shows that, counterintuitively, inactive concessions overall suffer a higher rate of forest loss than active ones. We find that small concession size and high elevation are correlated with inactive status. We identified several inactive concessions that, if maintained as natural forest, could significantly contribute to biodiversity conservation, as exemplified by their importance to two umbrella species: Bornean orangutan (Critically Endangered) and Sunda clouded leopard (Vulnerable). Because timber operations in other tropical regions are likely to experience similar cycles of activity and inactivity, the fate of inactive timber concessions and the opportunities they create for conservation deserve much greater attention from conservation scientists and practitioners. |
Lark, Tyler J: Protecting our prairies: Research and policy actions for conserving America’s grasslands. In: Land Use Policy, vol. 97, pp. 104727, 2020, ISSN: 0264-8377. @article{LARK2020104727,
title = {Protecting our prairies: Research and policy actions for conserving America’s grasslands},
author = {Tyler J Lark},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264837717310372},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104727},
issn = {0264-8377},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Land Use Policy},
volume = {97},
pages = {104727},
abstract = {Grasslands are among the most endangered ecosystems in the world. They supply vital resources for society, support an abundance of wildlife species, and store rich carbon reserves beneath their surfaces. Despite this, only a fraction of original grasslands in the United States now remains, and their rate of conversion to cropland has recently reaccelerated. This paper discusses opportunities that are immediately available to reduce the loss of U.S. native grasslands (i.e., prairie) and advance toward collective goals in grassland conservation. Potential solution-oriented actions include inventorying and monitoring remaining prairie, reconsidering public and private incentives for conversion and conservation, and establishing an industry-led moratorium on natural ecosystem loss. There is also a need among the engaged communities to develop unified messaging and a shared vision for grassland conservation in the U.S., such as “no prairie conversion” or “zero net loss of grasslands.” Additional tangible steps for action are outlined across the science, policy, and public-driven support arenas and offered for multiple stakeholder groups, including agricultural producers, policymakers, academics, and conservation organizations.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Grasslands are among the most endangered ecosystems in the world. They supply vital resources for society, support an abundance of wildlife species, and store rich carbon reserves beneath their surfaces. Despite this, only a fraction of original grasslands in the United States now remains, and their rate of conversion to cropland has recently reaccelerated. This paper discusses opportunities that are immediately available to reduce the loss of U.S. native grasslands (i.e., prairie) and advance toward collective goals in grassland conservation. Potential solution-oriented actions include inventorying and monitoring remaining prairie, reconsidering public and private incentives for conversion and conservation, and establishing an industry-led moratorium on natural ecosystem loss. There is also a need among the engaged communities to develop unified messaging and a shared vision for grassland conservation in the U.S., such as “no prairie conversion” or “zero net loss of grasslands.” Additional tangible steps for action are outlined across the science, policy, and public-driven support arenas and offered for multiple stakeholder groups, including agricultural producers, policymakers, academics, and conservation organizations. |
Yin, He; Junior, Amintas Brandão; Buchner, Johanna; Helmers, David; Iuliano, Ben; Kimambo, Niwaeli; Lewińska, Katarzyna; Razenkova, Elena; Rizayeva, Afag; Rogova, Natalia; Spawn-Lee, Seth; Xie, Yanhua; Radeloff, Volker: Monitoring cropland abandonment with Landsat time series. In: Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 246, pp. 111873, 2020. @article{article,
title = {Monitoring cropland abandonment with Landsat time series},
author = {He Yin and Amintas Brandão Junior and Johanna Buchner and David Helmers and Ben Iuliano and Niwaeli Kimambo and Katarzyna Lewińska and Elena Razenkova and Afag Rizayeva and Natalia Rogova and Seth Spawn-Lee and Yanhua Xie and Volker Radeloff},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2020.111873},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
volume = {246},
pages = {111873},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
Klemun, Magdalena M.; Edwards, Morgan R.; Trancik, Jessika E.: Research priorities for supporting subnational climate policies. In: WIREs Climate Change, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. e646, 2020. @article{https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.646,
title = {Research priorities for supporting subnational climate policies},
author = {Magdalena M. Klemun and Morgan R. Edwards and Jessika E. Trancik},
url = {https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wcc.646},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.646},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {WIREs Climate Change},
volume = {11},
number = {6},
pages = {e646},
abstract = {Abstract Growing momentum for decentralized climate policy and the falling costs of low-carbon technologies are creating new climate change mitigation opportunities for subnational actors. Here we discuss how research can best support these subnational efforts to allow limited resources to stretch further. To stimulate this discussion, we identify four research priorities. (1) Innovation mechanisms examines local policy opportunities for technology improvement to achieve high returns on investments. (2) Co-benefits analyzes the non-climate benefits of emissions reductions to highlight how local policies can affect communities directly. (3) Emissions monitoring develops rapid, low-cost, local measurement strategies to allow communities to assess and weigh in on the emissions impacts of local energy systems. (4) Decision levers reframes large-scale analyses into more targeted and actionable metrics for local policy decisions. This piece was informed and inspired by a set of interviews we conducted with representatives in business, government, NGOs, and educational institutions actively engaged in local climate action, and by our own research. This article is categorized under: The Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Policies, Instruments, Lifestyles, Behavior Policy and Governance > Private Governance of Climate Change},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Abstract Growing momentum for decentralized climate policy and the falling costs of low-carbon technologies are creating new climate change mitigation opportunities for subnational actors. Here we discuss how research can best support these subnational efforts to allow limited resources to stretch further. To stimulate this discussion, we identify four research priorities. (1) Innovation mechanisms examines local policy opportunities for technology improvement to achieve high returns on investments. (2) Co-benefits analyzes the non-climate benefits of emissions reductions to highlight how local policies can affect communities directly. (3) Emissions monitoring develops rapid, low-cost, local measurement strategies to allow communities to assess and weigh in on the emissions impacts of local energy systems. (4) Decision levers reframes large-scale analyses into more targeted and actionable metrics for local policy decisions. This piece was informed and inspired by a set of interviews we conducted with representatives in business, government, NGOs, and educational institutions actively engaged in local climate action, and by our own research. This article is categorized under: The Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Policies, Instruments, Lifestyles, Behavior Policy and Governance > Private Governance of Climate Change |
Lark, Tyler J.: Protecting our prairies: Research and policy actions for conserving America’s grasslands. In: Land Use Policy, vol. 97, pp. 104727, 2020, ISSN: 0264-8377. @article{LARK2020104727b,
title = {Protecting our prairies: Research and policy actions for conserving America’s grasslands},
author = {Tyler J. Lark},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264837717310372},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104727},
issn = {0264-8377},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Land Use Policy},
volume = {97},
pages = {104727},
abstract = {Grasslands are among the most endangered ecosystems in the world. They supply vital resources for society, support an abundance of wildlife species, and store rich carbon reserves beneath their surfaces. Despite this, only a fraction of original grasslands in the United States now remains, and their rate of conversion to cropland has recently reaccelerated. This paper discusses opportunities that are immediately available to reduce the loss of U.S. native grasslands (i.e., prairie) and advance toward collective goals in grassland conservation. Potential solution-oriented actions include inventorying and monitoring remaining prairie, reconsidering public and private incentives for conversion and conservation, and establishing an industry-led moratorium on natural ecosystem loss. There is also a need among the engaged communities to develop unified messaging and a shared vision for grassland conservation in the U.S., such as “no prairie conversion” or “zero net loss of grasslands.” Additional tangible steps for action are outlined across the science, policy, and public-driven support arenas and offered for multiple stakeholder groups, including agricultural producers, policymakers, academics, and conservation organizations.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Grasslands are among the most endangered ecosystems in the world. They supply vital resources for society, support an abundance of wildlife species, and store rich carbon reserves beneath their surfaces. Despite this, only a fraction of original grasslands in the United States now remains, and their rate of conversion to cropland has recently reaccelerated. This paper discusses opportunities that are immediately available to reduce the loss of U.S. native grasslands (i.e., prairie) and advance toward collective goals in grassland conservation. Potential solution-oriented actions include inventorying and monitoring remaining prairie, reconsidering public and private incentives for conversion and conservation, and establishing an industry-led moratorium on natural ecosystem loss. There is also a need among the engaged communities to develop unified messaging and a shared vision for grassland conservation in the U.S., such as “no prairie conversion” or “zero net loss of grasslands.” Additional tangible steps for action are outlined across the science, policy, and public-driven support arenas and offered for multiple stakeholder groups, including agricultural producers, policymakers, academics, and conservation organizations. |
Klemun, Magdalena M.; Edwards, Morgan R.; Trancik, Jessika E.: Research priorities for supporting subnational climate policies. In: WIREs Climate Change, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. e646, 2020. @article{https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.646b,
title = {Research priorities for supporting subnational climate policies},
author = {Magdalena M. Klemun and Morgan R. Edwards and Jessika E. Trancik},
url = {https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wcc.646},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.646},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {WIREs Climate Change},
volume = {11},
number = {6},
pages = {e646},
abstract = {Abstract Growing momentum for decentralized climate policy and the falling costs of low-carbon technologies are creating new climate change mitigation opportunities for subnational actors. Here we discuss how research can best support these subnational efforts to allow limited resources to stretch further. To stimulate this discussion, we identify four research priorities. (1) Innovation mechanisms examines local policy opportunities for technology improvement to achieve high returns on investments. (2) Co-benefits analyzes the non-climate benefits of emissions reductions to highlight how local policies can affect communities directly. (3) Emissions monitoring develops rapid, low-cost, local measurement strategies to allow communities to assess and weigh in on the emissions impacts of local energy systems. (4) Decision levers reframes large-scale analyses into more targeted and actionable metrics for local policy decisions. This piece was informed and inspired by a set of interviews we conducted with representatives in business, government, NGOs, and educational institutions actively engaged in local climate action, and by our own research. This article is categorized under: The Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Policies, Instruments, Lifestyles, Behavior Policy and Governance > Private Governance of Climate Change},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Abstract Growing momentum for decentralized climate policy and the falling costs of low-carbon technologies are creating new climate change mitigation opportunities for subnational actors. Here we discuss how research can best support these subnational efforts to allow limited resources to stretch further. To stimulate this discussion, we identify four research priorities. (1) Innovation mechanisms examines local policy opportunities for technology improvement to achieve high returns on investments. (2) Co-benefits analyzes the non-climate benefits of emissions reductions to highlight how local policies can affect communities directly. (3) Emissions monitoring develops rapid, low-cost, local measurement strategies to allow communities to assess and weigh in on the emissions impacts of local energy systems. (4) Decision levers reframes large-scale analyses into more targeted and actionable metrics for local policy decisions. This piece was informed and inspired by a set of interviews we conducted with representatives in business, government, NGOs, and educational institutions actively engaged in local climate action, and by our own research. This article is categorized under: The Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Policies, Instruments, Lifestyles, Behavior Policy and Governance > Private Governance of Climate Change |
Jr., Amintas Brandão; Rausch, Lisa; Durán, América Paz; Jr., Ciniro Costa; Spawn, Seth A.; Gibbs, Holly K.: Estimating the Potential for Conservation and Farming in the Amazon and Cerrado under Four Policy Scenarios. In: Sustainability, vol. 12, no. 3, 2020, ISSN: 2071-1050. @article{su12031277b,
title = {Estimating the Potential for Conservation and Farming in the Amazon and Cerrado under Four Policy Scenarios},
author = {Amintas Brandão Jr. and Lisa Rausch and América Paz Durán and Ciniro Costa Jr. and Seth A. Spawn and Holly K. Gibbs},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/3/1277},
doi = {10.3390/su12031277},
issn = {2071-1050},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Sustainability},
volume = {12},
number = {3},
abstract = {Since 2013, clearing rates have rapidly increased in the Amazon and Cerrado biomes. This acceleration has raised questions about the efficacy of current regional public and private conservation policies that seek to promote agricultural production while conserving remnants of natural vegetation. In this study, we assessed conservation and agricultural outcomes of four potential policy scenarios that represent perfect adherence to private sector, zero-deforestation commitments (i.e., the Amazon soy moratorium—ASM and the Amazon cattle agreements—CA) and to varying levels of implementation of the Brazilian Forest Code (FC). Under a zero-clearing scenario, we find that the extent of croplands as of 2017 within the two biomes (31 MHa) could double without further clearing if agriculture were to expand on all previously cleared land that is suitable for crops. Moreover, at least 47 MHa of land that is already cleared but unsuitable for crops would remain available for pasture. Under scenarios in which only legal clearing under the FC could occur, 51 MHa of additional natural vegetation could be cleared. This includes as many as 1 MHa of nonforest vegetation that could be cleared in the Amazon biome without triggering the ASM and CA monitoring systems. Two-thirds of the total vegetation vulnerable to legal clearing is located within the Cerrado biome, and 19 MHa of this land is suitable for cropland expansion. Legal clearing of all of these areas could reduce biodiversity persistence by 4% within the two biomes, when compared with the zero-clearing scenario, and release up to 9 PgCO2e, with the majority (75%) coming from the Cerrado biome. However, when we considered the potential outcomes of full implementation of the FC, we found that 22% (11 MHa) of the 51 MHa of vegetation subject to legal clearing could be protected through the environmental quotas market, while an additional 1 MHa should be replanted across the two biomes, predominantly in the Amazon biome (73% of the area subject to replanting). Together, quotas and replanting could prevent the release of 2 PgCO2e that would otherwise be emitted if all legal clearing occurred. Based on our results, we conclude that ongoing legal clearing could create additional space for cropland and cattle production beyond the substantial existing stocks of cleared areas but would significantly impair local carbon and biodiversity stocks.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Since 2013, clearing rates have rapidly increased in the Amazon and Cerrado biomes. This acceleration has raised questions about the efficacy of current regional public and private conservation policies that seek to promote agricultural production while conserving remnants of natural vegetation. In this study, we assessed conservation and agricultural outcomes of four potential policy scenarios that represent perfect adherence to private sector, zero-deforestation commitments (i.e., the Amazon soy moratorium—ASM and the Amazon cattle agreements—CA) and to varying levels of implementation of the Brazilian Forest Code (FC). Under a zero-clearing scenario, we find that the extent of croplands as of 2017 within the two biomes (31 MHa) could double without further clearing if agriculture were to expand on all previously cleared land that is suitable for crops. Moreover, at least 47 MHa of land that is already cleared but unsuitable for crops would remain available for pasture. Under scenarios in which only legal clearing under the FC could occur, 51 MHa of additional natural vegetation could be cleared. This includes as many as 1 MHa of nonforest vegetation that could be cleared in the Amazon biome without triggering the ASM and CA monitoring systems. Two-thirds of the total vegetation vulnerable to legal clearing is located within the Cerrado biome, and 19 MHa of this land is suitable for cropland expansion. Legal clearing of all of these areas could reduce biodiversity persistence by 4% within the two biomes, when compared with the zero-clearing scenario, and release up to 9 PgCO2e, with the majority (75%) coming from the Cerrado biome. However, when we considered the potential outcomes of full implementation of the FC, we found that 22% (11 MHa) of the 51 MHa of vegetation subject to legal clearing could be protected through the environmental quotas market, while an additional 1 MHa should be replanted across the two biomes, predominantly in the Amazon biome (73% of the area subject to replanting). Together, quotas and replanting could prevent the release of 2 PgCO2e that would otherwise be emitted if all legal clearing occurred. Based on our results, we conclude that ongoing legal clearing could create additional space for cropland and cattle production beyond the substantial existing stocks of cleared areas but would significantly impair local carbon and biodiversity stocks. |
Gallagher, Ciaran L.; Holloway, Tracey: Integrating Air Quality and Public Health Benefits in U.S. Decarbonization Strategies. In: Frontiers in Public Health, vol. 8, 2020, ISSN: 2296-2565. @article{10.3389/fpubh.2020.563358,
title = {Integrating Air Quality and Public Health Benefits in U.S. Decarbonization Strategies},
author = {Ciaran L. Gallagher and Tracey Holloway},
url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2020.563358},
doi = {10.3389/fpubh.2020.563358},
issn = {2296-2565},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Frontiers in Public Health},
volume = {8},
abstract = {Research on air quality and human health “co-benefits” from climate mitigation strategies represents a growing area of policy-relevant scholarship. Compared to other aspects of climate and energy policy evaluation, however, there are still relatively few of these co-benefits analyses. This sparsity reflects a historical disconnect between research quantifying energy and climate, and research dealing with air quality and health. The air quality co-benefits of climate, clean energy, and transportation electrification policies are typically assessed with models spanning social, physical, chemical, and biological systems. This review article summarizes studies to date and presents methods used for these interdisciplinary analyses. Studies in the peer-reviewed literature (n = 26) have evaluated carbon pricing, renewable portfolio standards, energy efficiency, renewable energy deployment, and clean transportation. A number of major findings have emerged from these studies: [1] decarbonization strategies can reduce air pollution disproportionally on the most polluted days; [2] renewable energy deployment and climate policies offer the highest health and economic benefits in regions with greater reliance on coal generation; [3] monetized air quality health co-benefits can offset costs of climate policy implementation; [4] monetized co-benefits typically exceed the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of renewable energies; [5] Electric vehicle (EV) adoption generally improves air quality on peak pollution days, but can result in ozone dis-benefits in urban centers due to the titration of ozone with nitrogen oxides. Drawing from these published studies, we review the state of knowledge on climate co-benefits to air quality and health, identifying opportunities for policy action and further research.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Research on air quality and human health “co-benefits” from climate mitigation strategies represents a growing area of policy-relevant scholarship. Compared to other aspects of climate and energy policy evaluation, however, there are still relatively few of these co-benefits analyses. This sparsity reflects a historical disconnect between research quantifying energy and climate, and research dealing with air quality and health. The air quality co-benefits of climate, clean energy, and transportation electrification policies are typically assessed with models spanning social, physical, chemical, and biological systems. This review article summarizes studies to date and presents methods used for these interdisciplinary analyses. Studies in the peer-reviewed literature (n = 26) have evaluated carbon pricing, renewable portfolio standards, energy efficiency, renewable energy deployment, and clean transportation. A number of major findings have emerged from these studies: [1] decarbonization strategies can reduce air pollution disproportionally on the most polluted days; [2] renewable energy deployment and climate policies offer the highest health and economic benefits in regions with greater reliance on coal generation; [3] monetized air quality health co-benefits can offset costs of climate policy implementation; [4] monetized co-benefits typically exceed the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of renewable energies; [5] Electric vehicle (EV) adoption generally improves air quality on peak pollution days, but can result in ozone dis-benefits in urban centers due to the titration of ozone with nitrogen oxides. Drawing from these published studies, we review the state of knowledge on climate co-benefits to air quality and health, identifying opportunities for policy action and further research. |
Anenberg, Susan C.; Bindl, Matilyn; Brauer, Michael; Castillo, Juan J.; Cavalieri, Sandra; Duncan, Bryan N.; Fiore, Arlene M.; Fuller, Richard; Goldberg, Daniel L.; Henze, Daven K.; Hess, Jeremy; Holloway, Tracey; James, Peter; Jin, Xiaomeng; Kheirbek, Iyad; Kinney, Patrick L.; Liu, Yang; Mohegh, Arash; Patz, Jonathan; Jimenez, Marcia P.; Roy, Ananya; Tong, Daniel; Walker, Katy; Watts, Nick; West, J. Jason: Using Satellites to Track Indicators of Global Air Pollution and Climate Change Impacts: Lessons Learned From a NASA-Supported Science-Stakeholder Collaborative. In: GeoHealth, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. e2020GH000270, 2020, (e2020GH000270 2020GH000270). @article{https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GH000270,
title = {Using Satellites to Track Indicators of Global Air Pollution and Climate Change Impacts: Lessons Learned From a NASA-Supported Science-Stakeholder Collaborative},
author = {Susan C. Anenberg and Matilyn Bindl and Michael Brauer and Juan J. Castillo and Sandra Cavalieri and Bryan N. Duncan and Arlene M. Fiore and Richard Fuller and Daniel L. Goldberg and Daven K. Henze and Jeremy Hess and Tracey Holloway and Peter James and Xiaomeng Jin and Iyad Kheirbek and Patrick L. Kinney and Yang Liu and Arash Mohegh and Jonathan Patz and Marcia P. Jimenez and Ananya Roy and Daniel Tong and Katy Walker and Nick Watts and J. Jason West},
url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2020GH000270},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GH000270},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {GeoHealth},
volume = {4},
number = {7},
pages = {e2020GH000270},
abstract = {Abstract The 2018 NASA Health and Air Quality Applied Science Team (HAQAST) “Indicators” Tiger Team collaboration between NASA-supported scientists and civil society stakeholders aimed to develop satellite-derived global air pollution and climate indicators. This Commentary shares our experience and lessons learned. Together, the team developed methods to track wildfires, dust storms, pollen counts, urban green space, nitrogen dioxide concentrations and asthma burdens, tropospheric ozone concentrations, and urban particulate matter mortality. Participatory knowledge production can lead to more actionable information but requires time, flexibility, and continuous engagement. Ground measurements are still needed for ground truthing, and sustained collaboration over time remains a challenge.},
note = {e2020GH000270 2020GH000270},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Abstract The 2018 NASA Health and Air Quality Applied Science Team (HAQAST) “Indicators” Tiger Team collaboration between NASA-supported scientists and civil society stakeholders aimed to develop satellite-derived global air pollution and climate indicators. This Commentary shares our experience and lessons learned. Together, the team developed methods to track wildfires, dust storms, pollen counts, urban green space, nitrogen dioxide concentrations and asthma burdens, tropospheric ozone concentrations, and urban particulate matter mortality. Participatory knowledge production can lead to more actionable information but requires time, flexibility, and continuous engagement. Ground measurements are still needed for ground truthing, and sustained collaboration over time remains a challenge. |
Viancha, J.; Kasprzyk, K.; Sullivan, C.; Vianchá, M.: La Trazabilidad como Herramienta en la lucha Contra la deforestación: Un diagnóstico de la trazabilidad en el sector de la ganadería bovina colombiana. In: Report by Fundación Proyección Eco-Social (FPES), National Wildlife Federación (NWF) y Universidad de Wisconsin (UW), 2020. @article{nokey,
title = {La Trazabilidad como Herramienta en la lucha Contra la deforestación: Un diagnóstico de la trazabilidad en el sector de la ganadería bovina colombiana},
author = {J. Viancha and K. Kasprzyk and C. Sullivan and M. Vianchá},
url = {https://sociedadsostenible.co/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Informe-La-Trazabilidad-como-Herramienta-en-la-Lucha-Contra-la-Deforestaci%C3%B3n-FPES-NWF-UW.pdf},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Report by Fundación Proyección Eco-Social (FPES), National Wildlife Federación (NWF) y Universidad de Wisconsin (UW)},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
Nocco, Mallika A.; Feinstein, Noah Weeth; Stock, Melanie N.; McGill, Bonnie M.; Kucharik, Christopher J.: Knowledge Co-Production with Agricultural Trade Associations. In: Water, vol. 12, no. 11, 2020, ISSN: 2073-4441. @article{w12113236,
title = {Knowledge Co-Production with Agricultural Trade Associations},
author = {Mallika A. Nocco and Noah Weeth Feinstein and Melanie N. Stock and Bonnie M. McGill and Christopher J. Kucharik},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/11/3236},
doi = {10.3390/w12113236},
issn = {2073-4441},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Water},
volume = {12},
number = {11},
abstract = {Scientists and agricultural trade associations may further conservation outcomes by engaging with one another to uncover opportunities and engage in social learning via knowledge co-production. We observed, documented, and critically reviewed knowledge exchanges among scientists and agricultural stakeholders working on a multidecadal water conflict in Wisconsin. Differences in knowledge exchange and production were related to meeting spaces, organization, time management, and formality of interactions. We found that repetitive, semiformal meetings organized and led by growers facilitated knowledge exchange, co-production, and social learning. However, scientists often appeared uncomfortable in grower-controlled spaces. We suggest that this discomfort results from the widespread adoption of the deficit model of scientific literacy and objectivity as default paradigms, despite decades of research suggesting that scientists cannot view themselves as objective disseminators of knowledge. For example, we found that both scientists and growers produced knowledge for political advocacy but observed less transparency from scientists, who often claimed objectivity in politicized settings. We offer practical methods and recommendations for designing social learning processes as well as highlight the need to better prepare environmental and extension scientists for engaging in agribusiness spaces.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Scientists and agricultural trade associations may further conservation outcomes by engaging with one another to uncover opportunities and engage in social learning via knowledge co-production. We observed, documented, and critically reviewed knowledge exchanges among scientists and agricultural stakeholders working on a multidecadal water conflict in Wisconsin. Differences in knowledge exchange and production were related to meeting spaces, organization, time management, and formality of interactions. We found that repetitive, semiformal meetings organized and led by growers facilitated knowledge exchange, co-production, and social learning. However, scientists often appeared uncomfortable in grower-controlled spaces. We suggest that this discomfort results from the widespread adoption of the deficit model of scientific literacy and objectivity as default paradigms, despite decades of research suggesting that scientists cannot view themselves as objective disseminators of knowledge. For example, we found that both scientists and growers produced knowledge for political advocacy but observed less transparency from scientists, who often claimed objectivity in politicized settings. We offer practical methods and recommendations for designing social learning processes as well as highlight the need to better prepare environmental and extension scientists for engaging in agribusiness spaces. |
Dong, Bo; Lenters, John D.; Hu, Qi; Kucharik, Christopher J.; Wang, Tiejun; Soylu, Mehmet E.; Mykleby, Phillip M.: Decadal-Scale Changes in the Seasonal Surface Water Balance of the Central United States from 1984 to 2007. In: Journal of Hydrometeorology, vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 1905-1927, 2020. @article{DecadalScaleChangesintheSeasonalSurfaceWaterBalanceoftheCentralUnitedStatesfrom1984to2007,
title = {Decadal-Scale Changes in the Seasonal Surface Water Balance of the Central United States from 1984 to 2007},
author = {Bo Dong and John D. Lenters and Qi Hu and Christopher J. Kucharik and Tiejun Wang and Mehmet E. Soylu and Phillip M. Mykleby},
url = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/hydr/21/9/jhmD190050.xml},
doi = {10.1175/JHM-D-19-0050.1},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Hydrometeorology},
volume = {21},
number = {9},
pages = {1905-1927},
publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
address = {Boston MA, USA},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
Kucharik, Christopher J.; Ramiadantsoa, Tanjona; Zhang, Jien; Ives, Anthony R.: Spatiotemporal trends in crop yields, yield variability, and yield gaps across the USA. In: Crop Science, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 2085-2101, 2020. @article{https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20089,
title = {Spatiotemporal trends in crop yields, yield variability, and yield gaps across the USA},
author = {Christopher J. Kucharik and Tanjona Ramiadantsoa and Jien Zhang and Anthony R. Ives},
url = {https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/csc2.20089},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20089},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Crop Science},
volume = {60},
number = {4},
pages = {2085-2101},
abstract = {Abstract Future crop yield increases are unlikely to keep pace with the dietary needs of a global human population expected to reach nine billion by 2050. This study used United States Department of Agriculture county-level yield data and autoregressive moving-average models to examine how changes in maize (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields, temporal variability in yields, and yield gaps have varied across space and time from 1970–2017. The majority of county-level yields have increased linearly, although the increases in wheat lag behind corn and soybean. Where trends were nonlinear, accelerating yields were found in more mesic regions east of the Great Plains, and decelerating yields were found in the drier central and western United States. Mean crop yields were positively correlated with rate of yield increase and negatively correlated with interannual variability. Hotspots were identified in Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, and some West Coast states where crop yields are currently the largest, have the lowest yield gaps, and since 1970, have had the highest rates of change and/or are experiencing an acceleration of annual yield gains. Across all crop types, the counties with the lowest average yields, highest yield gaps, lowest rates of yield increase over time, and/or deceleration in yield increases were predominantly found in the central United States, including the Dakotas, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. Regions of greatest performance generally have fertile soils, plentiful growing season rainfall, and optimal growing season length and temperatures, or are benefitting from irrigation.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Abstract Future crop yield increases are unlikely to keep pace with the dietary needs of a global human population expected to reach nine billion by 2050. This study used United States Department of Agriculture county-level yield data and autoregressive moving-average models to examine how changes in maize (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields, temporal variability in yields, and yield gaps have varied across space and time from 1970–2017. The majority of county-level yields have increased linearly, although the increases in wheat lag behind corn and soybean. Where trends were nonlinear, accelerating yields were found in more mesic regions east of the Great Plains, and decelerating yields were found in the drier central and western United States. Mean crop yields were positively correlated with rate of yield increase and negatively correlated with interannual variability. Hotspots were identified in Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, and some West Coast states where crop yields are currently the largest, have the lowest yield gaps, and since 1970, have had the highest rates of change and/or are experiencing an acceleration of annual yield gains. Across all crop types, the counties with the lowest average yields, highest yield gaps, lowest rates of yield increase over time, and/or deceleration in yield increases were predominantly found in the central United States, including the Dakotas, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. Regions of greatest performance generally have fertile soils, plentiful growing season rainfall, and optimal growing season length and temperatures, or are benefitting from irrigation. |
Nemet, Gregory F.; Lu, Jiaqi; Rai, Varun; Rao, Rohan: Knowledge spillovers between PV installers can reduce the cost of installing solar PV. In: Energy Policy, vol. 144, pp. 111600, 2020, ISSN: 0301-4215. @article{NEMET2020111600,
title = {Knowledge spillovers between PV installers can reduce the cost of installing solar PV},
author = {Gregory F. Nemet and Jiaqi Lu and Varun Rai and Rohan Rao},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421520303384},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111600},
issn = {0301-4215},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Energy Policy},
volume = {144},
pages = {111600},
abstract = {We analyze pricing in PV systems using data from 2008-2014 to identify the effects of knowledge spillovers in reducing the installed cost of PV. This paper estimates the size of the effects of learning by doing and knowledge spillovers using multiple formulations of spillover related variables. We found knowledge spillovers between firms within a county to be a significant and substantial factor in reducing the costs of PV. However, these spillovers reduce costs only for firms over a certain size threshold, and no cost-reducing spillovers were found for smaller installers. Geographic spillovers, within a firm from one county to another were also significant although not as large as the local between-firm effects. We ran 43 specifications on the data and generally found these main results to be robust, although not in every specification. One implication of these results is that policies that subsidize demand for PV are leading to the creation of new knowledge that would not exist at lower levels of demand. That the spillovers become stronger at higher levels of experience suggests that these subsidies would need to be substantial, particularly in new markets with many small firms.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
We analyze pricing in PV systems using data from 2008-2014 to identify the effects of knowledge spillovers in reducing the installed cost of PV. This paper estimates the size of the effects of learning by doing and knowledge spillovers using multiple formulations of spillover related variables. We found knowledge spillovers between firms within a county to be a significant and substantial factor in reducing the costs of PV. However, these spillovers reduce costs only for firms over a certain size threshold, and no cost-reducing spillovers were found for smaller installers. Geographic spillovers, within a firm from one county to another were also significant although not as large as the local between-firm effects. We ran 43 specifications on the data and generally found these main results to be robust, although not in every specification. One implication of these results is that policies that subsidize demand for PV are leading to the creation of new knowledge that would not exist at lower levels of demand. That the spillovers become stronger at higher levels of experience suggests that these subsidies would need to be substantial, particularly in new markets with many small firms. |
Zielke, Megan; Brooks, Adria; Nemet, Gregory: The Impacts of Electric Vehicle Growth on Wholesale Electricity Prices in Wisconsin. In: World Electric Vehicle Journal, vol. 11, no. 2, 2020, ISSN: 2032-6653. @article{wevj11020032,
title = {The Impacts of Electric Vehicle Growth on Wholesale Electricity Prices in Wisconsin},
author = {Megan Zielke and Adria Brooks and Gregory Nemet},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2032-6653/11/2/32},
doi = {10.3390/wevj11020032},
issn = {2032-6653},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {World Electric Vehicle Journal},
volume = {11},
number = {2},
abstract = {This work explores the impact of the rapid growth of plug-in electric vehicles on wholesale electricity pricing. Understanding electric vehicle impacts on the grid is important for the mid- and long-range planning of transmission owners, distribution utilities, and regional system operators. Current research in electric vehicles considers technology adoption projections and the infrastructure needed to support electric vehicle growth. This work considers how projected electric vehicle growth in the State of Wisconsin would impact the transmission congestion and wholesale electricity pricing in the year 2030. We find minimal impacts on electricity prices (<2%) even under rapid growth assumptions, in which EVs comprise 5% of all vehicles in 2030. The increases seen in hourly locational marginal prices (LMPs) due to projected electric vehicle growth are, on average, less than those seen in annual changes of historic electricity prices in Wisconsin. We do find moderate, relative increases in congestion prices (+16-32%), which could provide an opportunity to align electric vehicle charging schedules with times of low transmission congestion.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This work explores the impact of the rapid growth of plug-in electric vehicles on wholesale electricity pricing. Understanding electric vehicle impacts on the grid is important for the mid- and long-range planning of transmission owners, distribution utilities, and regional system operators. Current research in electric vehicles considers technology adoption projections and the infrastructure needed to support electric vehicle growth. This work considers how projected electric vehicle growth in the State of Wisconsin would impact the transmission congestion and wholesale electricity pricing in the year 2030. We find minimal impacts on electricity prices (<2%) even under rapid growth assumptions, in which EVs comprise 5% of all vehicles in 2030. The increases seen in hourly locational marginal prices (LMPs) due to projected electric vehicle growth are, on average, less than those seen in annual changes of historic electricity prices in Wisconsin. We do find moderate, relative increases in congestion prices (+16–32%), which could provide an opportunity to align electric vehicle charging schedules with times of low transmission congestion. |
Burivalova, Zuzana; Game, Edward T.; Wahyudi, Bambang; Ruslandi,; Rifqi, Mohamad; MacDonald, Ewan; Cushman, Samuel; Voigt, Maria; Wich, Serge; Wilcove, David S.: Does biodiversity benefit when the logging stops? An analysis of conservation risks and opportunities in active versus inactive logging concessions in Borneo. In: Biological Conservation, vol. 241, pp. 108369, 2020, ISSN: 0006-3207. @article{BURIVALOVA2020108369b,
title = {Does biodiversity benefit when the logging stops? An analysis of conservation risks and opportunities in active versus inactive logging concessions in Borneo},
author = {Zuzana Burivalova and Edward T. Game and Bambang Wahyudi and Ruslandi and Mohamad Rifqi and Ewan MacDonald and Samuel Cushman and Maria Voigt and Serge Wich and David S. Wilcove},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320719309085},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108369},
issn = {0006-3207},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Biological Conservation},
volume = {241},
pages = {108369},
abstract = {The island of Borneo is a biodiversity hotspot of global importance that continues to suffer from one of the highest deforestation rates in the tropics. Selective logging concessions overlay a third of the remaining natural forests in the Indonesian part of Borneo, but many of these concessions have become inactive in recent years. Whereas the cessation of logging could be beneficial to biodiversity, the absence of a logging company's presence in the forest could also leave the concession open to deforestation by other actors. Using remote sensing analyses, we evaluate 1) whether inactive concessions are more likely to suffer from deforestation than active ones, 2) the possible reasons why concessions become inactive, and 3) which inactive concessions hold the most potential for biodiversity conservation, if protected from deforestation. Our analysis shows that, counterintuitively, inactive concessions overall suffer a higher rate of forest loss than active ones. We find that small concession size and high elevation are correlated with inactive status. We identified several inactive concessions that, if maintained as natural forest, could significantly contribute to biodiversity conservation, as exemplified by their importance to two umbrella species: Bornean orangutan (Critically Endangered) and Sunda clouded leopard (Vulnerable). Because timber operations in other tropical regions are likely to experience similar cycles of activity and inactivity, the fate of inactive timber concessions and the opportunities they create for conservation deserve much greater attention from conservation scientists and practitioners.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The island of Borneo is a biodiversity hotspot of global importance that continues to suffer from one of the highest deforestation rates in the tropics. Selective logging concessions overlay a third of the remaining natural forests in the Indonesian part of Borneo, but many of these concessions have become inactive in recent years. Whereas the cessation of logging could be beneficial to biodiversity, the absence of a logging company's presence in the forest could also leave the concession open to deforestation by other actors. Using remote sensing analyses, we evaluate 1) whether inactive concessions are more likely to suffer from deforestation than active ones, 2) the possible reasons why concessions become inactive, and 3) which inactive concessions hold the most potential for biodiversity conservation, if protected from deforestation. Our analysis shows that, counterintuitively, inactive concessions overall suffer a higher rate of forest loss than active ones. We find that small concession size and high elevation are correlated with inactive status. We identified several inactive concessions that, if maintained as natural forest, could significantly contribute to biodiversity conservation, as exemplified by their importance to two umbrella species: Bornean orangutan (Critically Endangered) and Sunda clouded leopard (Vulnerable). Because timber operations in other tropical regions are likely to experience similar cycles of activity and inactivity, the fate of inactive timber concessions and the opportunities they create for conservation deserve much greater attention from conservation scientists and practitioners. |
Burivalova, Z.; Miteva, D.; Salafsky, N.; Butler, R. A.; Wilcove, D. S.: Reply to Mupepele and Dormann ‘Evidence Ranking Needs to Reflect Causality’. In: Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 95-96, 2020, ISSN: 0169-5347. @article{BURIVALOVA202095,
title = {Reply to Mupepele and Dormann ‘Evidence Ranking Needs to Reflect Causality’},
author = {Z. Burivalova and D. Miteva and N. Salafsky and R. A. Butler and D. S. Wilcove},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534719303428},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2019.11.008},
issn = {0169-5347},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Trends in Ecology & Evolution},
volume = {35},
number = {2},
pages = {95-96},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
2019
|
Cui, Ryna Yiyun; Hultman, Nathan; Edwards, Morgan R.; He, Linlang; Sen, Arijit; Surana, Kavita; McJeon, Haewon; Iyer, Gokul; Patel, Pralit; Yu, Sha; Nace, Ted; Shearer, Christine: Quantifying operational lifetimes for coal power plants under the Paris goals. In: Nature Communications, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 4759, 2019, ISSN: 2041-1723. @article{Cui2019,
title = {Quantifying operational lifetimes for coal power plants under the Paris goals},
author = {Ryna Yiyun Cui and Nathan Hultman and Morgan R. Edwards and Linlang He and Arijit Sen and Kavita Surana and Haewon McJeon and Gokul Iyer and Pralit Patel and Sha Yu and Ted Nace and Christine Shearer},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12618-3},
doi = {10.1038/s41467-019-12618-3},
issn = {2041-1723},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-10-18},
journal = {Nature Communications},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {4759},
abstract = {A rapid transition away from unabated coal use is essential to fulfilling the Paris climate goals. However, many countries are actively building and operating coal power plants. Here we use plant-level data to specify alternative trajectories for coal technologies in an integrated assessment model. We then quantify cost-effective retirement pathways for global and country-level coal fleets to limit long-term temperature change. We present our results using a decision-relevant metric: the operational lifetime limit. Even if no new plants are built, the lifetimes of existing units are reduced to approximately 35 years in a well-below 2thinspacetextdegreeC scenario or 20 years in a 1.5thinspacetextdegreeC scenario. The risk of continued coal expansion, including the near-term growth permitted in some Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), is large. The lifetime limits for both 2thinspacetextdegreeC and 1.5thinspacetextdegreeC are reduced by 5 years if plants under construction come online and 10 years if all proposed projects are built.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
A rapid transition away from unabated coal use is essential to fulfilling the Paris climate goals. However, many countries are actively building and operating coal power plants. Here we use plant-level data to specify alternative trajectories for coal technologies in an integrated assessment model. We then quantify cost-effective retirement pathways for global and country-level coal fleets to limit long-term temperature change. We present our results using a decision-relevant metric: the operational lifetime limit. Even if no new plants are built, the lifetimes of existing units are reduced to approximately 35 years in a well-below 2thinspacetextdegreeC scenario or 20 years in a 1.5thinspacetextdegreeC scenario. The risk of continued coal expansion, including the near-term growth permitted in some Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), is large. The lifetime limits for both 2thinspacetextdegreeC and 1.5thinspacetextdegreeC are reduced by 5 years if plants under construction come online and 10 years if all proposed projects are built. |
Diao, Minghui; Holloway, Tracey; Choi, Seohyun; O’Neill, Susan M; Al-Hamdan, Mohammad Z; Donkelaar, Aaron Van; Martin, Randall V; Jin, Xiaomeng; Fiore, Arlene M; Henze, Daven K; Lacey, Forrest; Kinney, Patrick L; Freedman, Frank; Larkin, Narasimhan K; Zou, Yufei; Kelly, James T; Vaidyanathan, Ambarish: Methods, availability, and applications of PM2.5 exposure estimates derived from ground measurements, satellite, and atmospheric models. In: Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, vol. 69, no. 12, pp. 1391-1414, 2019. @article{doi:10.1080/10962247.2019.1668498,
title = {Methods, availability, and applications of PM2.5 exposure estimates derived from ground measurements, satellite, and atmospheric models},
author = {Minghui Diao and Tracey Holloway and Seohyun Choi and Susan M O’Neill and Mohammad Z Al-Hamdan and Aaron Van Donkelaar and Randall V Martin and Xiaomeng Jin and Arlene M Fiore and Daven K Henze and Forrest Lacey and Patrick L Kinney and Frank Freedman and Narasimhan K Larkin and Yufei Zou and James T Kelly and Ambarish Vaidyanathan},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2019.1668498},
doi = {10.1080/10962247.2019.1668498},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-10-15},
journal = {Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association},
volume = {69},
number = {12},
pages = {1391-1414},
publisher = {Taylor & Francis},
abstract = {ABSTRACTFine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a well-established risk factor for public health. To support both health risk assessment and epidemiological studies, data are needed on spatial and temporal patterns of PM2.5 exposures. This review article surveys publicly available exposure datasets for surface PM2.5 mass concentrations over the contiguous U.S., summarizes their applications and limitations, and provides suggestions on future research needs. The complex landscape of satellite instruments, model capabilities, monitor networks, and data synthesis methods offers opportunities for research development, but would benefit from guidance for new users. Guidance is provided to access publicly available PM2.5 datasets, to explain and compare different approaches for dataset generation, and to identify sources of uncertainties associated with various types of datasets. Three main sources used to create PM2.5 exposure data are ground-based measurements (especially regulatory monitoring), satellite retrievals (especially aerosol optical depth, AOD), and atmospheric chemistry models. We find inconsistencies among several publicly available PM2.5 estimates, highlighting uncertainties in the exposure datasets that are often overlooked in health effects analyses. Major differences among PM2.5 estimates emerge from the choice of data (ground-based, satellite, and/or model), the spatiotemporal resolutions, and the algorithms used to fuse data sources.Implications: Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has large impacts on human morbidity and mortality. Even though the methods for generating the PM2.5 exposure estimates have been significantly improved in recent years, there is a lack of review articles that document PM2.5 exposure datasets that are publicly available and easily accessible by the health and air quality communities. In this article, we discuss the main methods that generate PM2.5 data, compare several publicly available datasets, and show the applications of various data fusion approaches. Guidance to access and critique these datasets are provided for stakeholders in public health sectors.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
ABSTRACTFine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a well-established risk factor for public health. To support both health risk assessment and epidemiological studies, data are needed on spatial and temporal patterns of PM2.5 exposures. This review article surveys publicly available exposure datasets for surface PM2.5 mass concentrations over the contiguous U.S., summarizes their applications and limitations, and provides suggestions on future research needs. The complex landscape of satellite instruments, model capabilities, monitor networks, and data synthesis methods offers opportunities for research development, but would benefit from guidance for new users. Guidance is provided to access publicly available PM2.5 datasets, to explain and compare different approaches for dataset generation, and to identify sources of uncertainties associated with various types of datasets. Three main sources used to create PM2.5 exposure data are ground-based measurements (especially regulatory monitoring), satellite retrievals (especially aerosol optical depth, AOD), and atmospheric chemistry models. We find inconsistencies among several publicly available PM2.5 estimates, highlighting uncertainties in the exposure datasets that are often overlooked in health effects analyses. Major differences among PM2.5 estimates emerge from the choice of data (ground-based, satellite, and/or model), the spatiotemporal resolutions, and the algorithms used to fuse data sources.Implications: Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has large impacts on human morbidity and mortality. Even though the methods for generating the PM2.5 exposure estimates have been significantly improved in recent years, there is a lack of review articles that document PM2.5 exposure datasets that are publicly available and easily accessible by the health and air quality communities. In this article, we discuss the main methods that generate PM2.5 data, compare several publicly available datasets, and show the applications of various data fusion approaches. Guidance to access and critique these datasets are provided for stakeholders in public health sectors. |